| Title | Nicomachean Ethics |
| Author | Aristotle |
| Publisher | Penguin Classics |
| Year | 2004 |
| Pages | 329 |
| Rating | ★★★★★ |
| Purchase Link | Buy Here |
In this work, Aristotle explores the foundations of ethics and morals, investigating the nature of virtue, happiness and good living.
This article presents a summary of the work, a critical review and highlights nine essential lessons extracted from Aristotelian thought, which remain relevant to this day.
“Nicomachean Ethics”, written by Aristotle, is one of the most important philosophical works in history. You can read a summary/review of other classics here!
Synopsis of Nicomachean Ethics
Nicomachean Ethics is one of Aristotle’s main philosophical works.
In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle explores the nature of ethics, the pursuit of happiness, and the role of moral virtues in human life. The work covers several themes, such as friendship, justice, courage and philosophical contemplation.
He argues that happiness is not a momentary goal, but rather a state of full and lasting fulfillment achieved through the practice of virtues.
Aristotle also discusses the importance of the middle ground, where virtues are found, avoiding the extremes of vices due to lack and excess.
Nicomachean Ethics offers a comprehensive overview of Aristotelian ethics and remains an influential reference in moral philosophy to this day. You can buy Nicomachean Ethics here!
Who was Aristotle?
He is considered one of the greatest philosophers in history and his contributions continue to be studied and debated to this day.
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher born in Stagira, around 384 BC. He was a disciple of Plato and later became tutor to Alexander the Great. Aristotle founded his own philosophical school, the Lyceum, where he taught and studied various areas, such as philosophy, logic, ethics, politics, biology and physics.
His works cover a wide range of topics and have profoundly influenced Western thought.
Aristotle is known for his systematic method and his quest for empirical knowledge.
He is a student of Plato. Check a summar of Plato’s Republic clicking here!
Aristotle Biography
Aristotle defended a method of investigation based on observation and empirical analysis.
Aristotle (384-322 BC) was a Greek philosopher born in Stagira. A disciple of Plato, he became one of the most influential thinkers in history. He founded his own school, the Liceu, where he taught a wide range of subjects, including logic, ethics, politics, biology and physics.
His contribution to knowledge and understanding of the world continues to be relevant and studied to this day.
Aristotle is, indirectly, a disciple of Socrates. Click here to read a Apology of Socrates summary!
Summary of Nicomachean Ethics
“Nicomachean Ethics” is a philosophical work written by Aristotle, in which he explores fundamental questions of ethics and morality.
He argues that happiness is the supreme goal of human life and that it is achieved through the practice of moral virtues. The work also addresses topics such as friendship, education, philosophical contemplation and the relationship between ethics and politics.
Aristotle discusses extensively specific virtues, such as courage, justice, temperance and generosity, and emphasizes the importance of balance between the extremes of vices due to lack and excess.
Aristotle seeks to understand the nature of virtue and its role in the pursuit of happiness.
The book is named in honor of his son, Nicomachus. It is considered one of the most influential works of moral philosophy and continues to be studied and debated to this day. You can buy Nicomachean Ethics here!
Main Lessons from Nicomachean Ethics
See some of the main lessons from this famous ethics book.
1. Search for happiness:Aristotle argues that ethics is fundamentally focused on the pursuit of happiness, understood as full and lasting achievement.
2. Moral virtues: Virtues are essential to achieve happiness. Aristotle highlights the importance of cultivating virtues such as courage, temperance, justice and generosity.
3. Middle ground: Virtues are in the balance between vices due to lack and excess. Aristotle emphasizes the importance of finding the appropriate middle ground in our actions and behaviors.
4. Habit and practice: Ethics involves the formation of virtuous habits through constant practice. Aristotle highlights the importance of acting virtuously repeatedly to develop moral character.
5. Friendship:Friendship plays a fundamental role in ethical life. Aristotle considers friendship as a form of relationship based on affection, trust and mutual benefit.
6. Justice: Justice is an essential virtue for life in society. Aristotle explores different forms of justice, including distributive and corrective. Click here to read a summary/review on The Art of War!
7. Role of education:Aristotle highlights the importance of education in the formation of moral character. He argues that proper education can help develop virtues and promote ethical living.
8. Philosophical Contemplation: The search for truth and philosophical reflection are important aspects of ethical life for Aristotle. He values contemplation as a means of achieving a deeper understanding of the world and oneself.
9. Relationship between ethics and politics:Aristotle discusses the relationship between ethics and politics, arguing that a just and virtuous society is essential for the flourishing of individual ethical life.
Nicomachean Ethics Review
“Nicomachean Ethics” is a philosophical work written by Aristotle, dedicated to his son Nicomachean.
“Nicomachean Ethics” is considered one of the most important works of moral philosophy and continues to be studied and debated to this day, offering profound insights into ethical conduct and the search for human happiness. Recommended reading!
In it, Aristotle explores the principles of ethics and morality, seeking to understand the nature of virtue and its relationship with the pursuit of happiness.
Aristotle discusses extensively specific virtues, such as courage, justice, temperance and generosity, and emphasizes the importance of balance between the extremes of vices due to lack and excess. . You can buy Nicomachean Ethics here!
Negative Points of Nicomachean Ethics
Although “Nicomachean Ethics” is a widely respected philosophical work, it also receives criticism.
Some point out that the book lacks a clear and linear structure, making its reading somewhat complex. Furthermore, Aristotle’s language and writing style may be considered dense and difficult for some modern readers to understand.
However, that doesn’t mean the book isn’t worth reading: it’s highly recommended! And complement the reading with Meditations, by Marcus Aurelius (check a summary here).
Positive Points of Nicomachean Ethics
“Nicomachean Ethics” is highly valued for its comprehensive approach to ethics.
Aristotle offers a holistic view, emphasizing the importance of virtue, happiness and balance in human life. His analysis of moral virtues and his emphasis on developing virtuous habits are strengths of the book.
Aristotle’s thought continues to be relevant and influential to this day, stimulating debates about the nature of ethics.
Furthermore, it offers valuable insights into human conduct and general well-being. Click here and check a summary of Schopenhauer’s The Art of Being Right.
Is Nicomachean Ethics worth reading?
The work explores essential questions of ethics and morality, providing a solid basis for reflection on human conduct and well-being.
“Nicomachean Ethics” is a worthwhile read for several reasons. Reading “Nicomachean Ethics” allows you to immerse yourself in the ideas of one of the greatest philosophers in history, challenging and stimulating critical thinking on ethical and existential issues.
Furthermore, the book addresses themes such as friendship, justice, education and philosophical contemplation, offering a comprehensive and in-depth view of human nature and society.
This is, without a doubt, one of the great classics of moral philosophy.
How important is Aristotle?
Aristotle left a vast intellectual legacy and his ideas continue to be studied and debated, enriching our understanding of human nature, society and knowledge.
Aristotle is considered one of the most important philosophers in history. His influence encompasses several areas of knowledge, such as philosophy, science, politics and ethics. His systematic and investigative approach left a lasting legacy, shaping Western thought to this day.
He contributed to several areas of knowledge. Look:
Ethic:Aristotle contributed significantly to ethics, by emphasizing the search for happiness through the practice of moral virtues and the balance between extremes. His work “Nicômachean Ethics” continues to be a landmark in the study of ethics and morality.
Sciences:Furthermore, Aristotle was a pioneer in many scientific areas, such as biology, physics, and logic. He developed methods of observation and empirical analysis, laying the foundation for the modern scientific method.
Policy:In politics, his reflections on the best form of government and the importance of justice and citizen participation are also relevant to this day.
Metaphysics: Aristotle developed a systematic approach to exploring metaphysical questions such as the cause, substance, form, and purpose of things. His ideas and concepts have been discussed and developed by philosophers for centuries.
What is Aristotle’s ethical thought?
Aristotle’s ethical thought is centered on the search for happiness and the practice of moral virtues.
Aristotle believed that ethics was fundamental to achieving a full and fulfilled life. For him, happiness (eudaimonia) consists of living in accordance with virtue, finding balance between vices due to lack and excess.
He identifies several virtues, such as courage, temperance, justice and generosity, and argues that the constant practice of these virtues forms virtuous habits.
Aristotle also emphasizes the importance of friendship, philosophical contemplation, and education in the formation of moral character.
His ethical thinking offers a comprehensive approach to the pursuit of happiness and well-being, influencing moral philosophy to this day.
What is Syllogism?
The Aristotelian syllogism is one of the foundations of classical logic and was an important milestone in the development of argumentation and rational thought.
The syllogism consists of a type of deductive argument made up of three parts: two premises and a conclusion. Each premise consists of a general or particular statement about an object or concept, while the conclusion is a logical inference drawn from these premises.
The syllogism follows a rigid and formal structure, based on the relationship between classes and subclass.
It is characterized by the presence of a middle term that is present in both premises, allowing a relationship to be established between the other two terms, the largest and the smallest.
Aristotle’s Metaphysics
Aristotle’s metaphysics is one of the most influential and complex works in the history of philosophy.
In his book “Metaphysics”, Aristotle investigates fundamental questions of existence, reality and the nature of being. It discusses the structure and causes of the world, exploring concepts such as substance, form, matter, potentiality and actuality. He proposes a teleological vision, in which everything has a purpose or purpose.
He discusses the existence of an “Unmoved Prime Mover”, which is the final cause and principle of all changes and movements in the universe.
Aristotelian metaphysics influenced Western philosophical thought, challenging previous notions of reality and providing a basis for reflections on the nature of existence and cosmology.
Aristotle’s Books
The famous philosopher has several books. Below, see the synopsis of all of them.
Organ:The “Organon” is a collection of works of logic written by Aristotle. Includes categories of thought, the treatise on interpretation, first and second analytic, topics and sophistical refutations.
Categories: In this work, Aristotle discusses category theory, classifying different ways of being and exploring the basic structure of reality.
Constitution of the Athenians: This work is an analysis of the political constitution of Athens, addressing the structure and functioning of the Athenian political system.
Economy: Aristotle explores economic issues, such as value, production, distribution of goods and the relationship between economics and ethics.
Eudemic Ethics:This work addresses ethical questions similar to “Nicomachean Ethics”, exploring the nature of virtue, happiness and ethical life.
Generation of Animals:Aristotle investigates the reproduction and generation of animals, examining the processes of development and birth.
History of Animals:In this work, Aristotle collects information about different animal species, describing their characteristics and behaviors.
Great Ethics:This work is a collection of ethical discourses attributed to Aristotle, discussing topics such as virtue, justice and happiness.
Mechanics: Aristotle explores the basic principles of mechanics, investigating movement and the physical forces involved.
Metaphysics: In this foundational work, Aristotle investigates the nature of existence, reality, cause, purpose, and essence, providing a basis for the study of metaphysical philosophy.
Meteorology:Aristotle explores meteorological phenomena, such as weather, wind, rain and earthquakes, seeking to understand their causes and patterns.
Nicomachean Ethics: This work is one of Aristotle’s major works on ethics, exploring the nature of happiness, virtue, and the ethical life.
About Colors: In this book, Aristotle investigates the nature of colors, their properties and the relationship between visual perception and reality.
About Divination in Dreams:Aristotle examines the phenomenon of divination through dreams, analyzing its nature and the possibility of obtaining knowledge through this practice.
About Dreams:In this work, Aristotle explores dreams and their interpretations, discussing their origin, nature and possible relationship with the human mind.
About Generation and Corruption: Aristotle investigates the processes of generation and corruption of living beings, exploring the formation and destruction of matter.
About the Ideas:In this book, Aristotle discusses the concept of ideas and their relationship with reality, addressing questions of knowledge and existence.
About Indivisible Lines:Aristotle examines indivisible lines, exploring the nature of extension and its fundamental components.
About Interpretation: This work deals with the logic of language and the interpretation of words, discussing the relationship between discourse and reality.
About the Longevity and Brevity of Life:Aristotle addresses the nature of human life, discussing the factors that influence longevity and brevity of existence.
About Wonderful Things Heard:A collection of reports on surprising and unusual phenomena, covering extraordinary stories and events.
About Melissus, Xenophanes and Gorgias:Aristotle analyzes the ideas and arguments of the philosophers Melissus, Xenophanes and Gorgias, discussing their theories and philosophical positions.
About Memory:In this book, Aristotle investigates human memory, discussing its nature, acquisition and influence on cognition.
About the Plants: Aristotle studies the characteristics and functioning of plants, discussing their properties and the relationship between them and living beings.
About Sleep: Aristotle explores sleep, investigating its different stages, functions and influence on health and well-being.
About the Heavens: A work that addresses Aristotelian cosmology, exploring the structure and functioning of the universe, including the movements of celestial bodies.
About the Soul:Aristotle investigates the nature of the soul and its functions, discussing the relationship between the soul and the body, in addition to exploring different types of souls present in living beings.
About the Universe:In this work, Aristotle explores the nature and structure of the universe, discussing the constituent elements and principles that govern the world.
About Things Heard: A collection of information and accounts of events and phenomena that Aristotle heard about, covering a wide range of topics.
About Virtues and Vices:Aristotle analyzes moral virtues and vices, exploring their nature, the importance of balance and the development of virtuous habits.
On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Breathing: A work that addresses the stages of human life, from youth to old age, also exploring the processes of breathing and the relationship between life and death.
Animal Parts: In this book, Aristotle investigates the constituent parts of animals, exploring their anatomy and physiology, as well as their specific functions and characteristics.
Small Treatises on Nature: A collection of short treatises on various topics, such as sensation, sleep, dreams, memory and life, addressing specific aspects of human and animal nature.
Problems: A collection of philosophical and scientific questions and problems, in which Aristotle explores issues that require analysis and resolution, covering a wide variety of topics.
Animal Progression: Aristotle studies the development and generation of animals, analyzing the different stages of growth and reproduction in animal species.
Sophistical refutations:A work that explores logical fallacies and techniques for refuting sophistic arguments.
Physical: In this work, Aristotle explores the principles and laws that govern physical nature, investigating concepts such as movement, cause, time, space and matter.
Physiognomy:Aristotle studies the relationship between physical appearance, especially facial features, and people’s personality or internal characteristics, seeking to infer psychological aspects through physical observation.
Poetics:A treatise on the art of poetry, Aristotle analyzes the principles, structure and characteristics that make up a poetic work, covering tragedy, epic and comedy.
Policy: Aristotle explores the nature of politics and the state, investigating different forms of government, justice, citizenship, social relations and political ethics.
Subsequent Analytics:In this work, Aristotle addresses the method and principles of deductive logic, discussing the form of demonstration and logical reasoning based on premises.
Previous Analytics:Aristotle discusses deductive logic, addressing the process of logical inference and the structure of the syllogism, which is a type of deductive argument.
Problems:A collection of philosophical and scientific questions and problems, in which Aristotle explores issues that require analysis and resolution, covering a wide variety of topics.
Animal Progression: Aristotle studies the development and generation of animals, analyzing the different stages of growth and reproduction in animal species.
Protretic: A work that seeks to convince and persuade readers to adopt a virtuous philosophy of life, addressing topics such as ethics and the search for happiness.
Rhetoric: Aristotle explores the principles and techniques of rhetoric, the art of persuading through verbal communication, addressing argumentation and oratory strategies.
Rhetoric to Alexandre:A work in which Aristotle offers advice and guidance on how to communicate effectively and influence audiences, specifically aimed at Alexander the Great.
Senses and Sensations: In this work, Aristotle discusses sensory perception, analyzing the different human senses and the sensations produced by them.
Situations and Names of the Winds: Aristotle examines the different winds, their characteristics, and how they influence the atmosphere and climate.
Topics: Aristotle presents a comprehensive analysis of argumentation and dialectical reasoning, discussing different forms of argumentation and techniques for discovering truth.
Questions about Nicomachean Ethics
See some important questions about this famous book.
What does the Nicomachean Ethics say?
Nicomachean Ethics is a work by Aristotle that discusses the nature of ethics, the search for happiness and the importance of moral virtues in human life.
What did Aristotle and Nicomachean teach in ethics?
Aristotle taught that ethics is the study of moral character and human behavior. In Nicomachean Ethics, he explored the importance of virtues, happiness and the middle ground in virtuous actions.
What does Nicomache mean?
Nicomachus was the name of Aristotle’s son. Nicomachean Ethics was named in honor of him.
How to quote Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics?
To cite Nicomachean Ethics, you can use the appropriate citation format for your bibliographic reference, such as ABNT standards.
What was Nicomachus’ name?
Aristotle’s son was called Nicomachean, and the work Nicomachean Ethics was named in his honor.
What was Aristotle’s thoughts on ethics?
Aristotle believed that ethics involved the pursuit of happiness through the practice of moral virtues. He argued that virtue is found in balance, in the middle ground between extremes, and that virtue leads to eudaimonia, true happiness.
What are the 4 types of happiness for Aristotle?
For Aristotle, there are four types of happiness: material happiness (physical pleasures and wealth), political happiness (participation in public life), intellectual happiness (pursuit of knowledge) and contemplative happiness (philosophical reflection and search for truth).
What are the types of ethics?
There are different types of ethics, such as deontological ethics, which is based on moral duties and principles; teleological ethics, which focuses on the consequences of actions; and virtue ethics, which emphasizes the development of moral virtues.
Who owns the Nicomachean Ethics?
The work Nicomachean Ethics is written by Aristotle, an ancient Greek philosopher.
Why did Aristotle kill himself?
There is no historical evidence that Aristotle killed himself. In fact, he died of natural causes in the city of Chalcis, on the island of Euboea, around 322 BC.
What is the purpose of the law according to the passage from the fifth book of the Nicomachean Ethics?
According to Aristotle, the purpose of law is to promote virtue and justice in society. The law must be based on ethical principles and contribute to the development of a harmonious and virtuous community.
What was cowardice according to Aristotle?
For Aristotle, cowardice was a moral vice that consisted of excessive fear in the face of dangers or challenges. He considered courage as a virtue opposed to cowardice.
How to quote Aristotle in the TCC?
To quote Aristotle in a TCC, it is important to follow the ABNT standards or any other standards used. Generally, the citation must include the name of the author, the title of the work, the year of publication and the specific page.
How to put a reference to Aristotle?
To reference Aristotle, you must provide information such as the name of the author, the title of the work, the year of publication, the place of publication and the name of the publisher, according to the adopted citation standards, such as ABNT, APA or MLA.
Why can we consider Aristotelian ethics to be ethics?
We can consider Aristotelian ethics an ethics because it addresses the moral nature of human beings, seeks happiness and values virtues.
What did Aristotle create?
Aristotle developed the concept of formal logic, classified and studied different forms of life and their characteristics, and influenced thinking in areas such as ethics and politics with his theories and arguments.
What did Aristotle found?
Aristotle founded his own philosophical school, known as the Lyceum or Peripatetics. At this school, he taught and developed his philosophical ideas, as well as guiding and influencing his students.
What is the greatest good of a human being?
According to Aristotle, the greatest good of human beings is eudaimonia, which can be translated as “happiness” or “full fulfillment”. It is achieved through the practice of moral virtues, philosophical contemplation and the development of human capabilities.
What is Aristotle’s main theory?
Aristotle’s main theory is the theory of causality, also known as the theory of four causes. According to this theory, the explanation of a phenomenon involves four types of causes: the material cause (what something is made of), the formal cause (its form or essence), the efficient cause (the agent that produces it) and the final cause. (the purpose or objective).
What is Aristotle’s most famous quote?
One of Aristotle’s most famous phrases is:“We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit.”
What is the difference between ethics and morals?
Ethics refers to the philosophical study of moral principles and human behavior, while morality relates to the customs, norms, and values that guide human behavior in a specific society.
What are the 4 causes created by Aristotle?
The four causes created by Aristotle are: material cause (what something is made of), formal cause (the form or essence of something), efficient cause (the agent that causes something) and final cause (the purpose or objective of something) .
What was Aristotle’s religion?
Aristotle was raised in a family that adhered to the Greek polytheistic religion. However, his personal religious beliefs are not clearly known.
Why didn’t Aristotle agree with Plato?
Aristotle disagreed with Plato on several issues. While Plato emphasized the world of ideas and argued that perfect forms were the fundamental reality, Aristotle focused on concrete reality and empirical observation.
What is Aristotle’s most important work?
Aristotle’s most important work is often considered “Metaphysics”. In it, he explores fundamental philosophical questions, such as the existence, cause and purpose of things. Other significant works include “Nicomachean Ethics”, “Politics” and “Physics”.
What is the meaning of the word Aristotle?
The word “Aristotle” is a proper name of Greek origin. It is made up of the terms “aristos” (which means “excellent” or “best”) and “telos” (which means “end” or “objective”). Therefore, Aristotle can be translated as “the best end” or “the best objective”.
How many children did Aristotle have?
Aristotle had a son named Nicomachean, after whom the work “Nicomachean Ethics” was named. There is no detailed information about the existence of other children.
What are vices due to lack, vices due to excess and virtues?
For Aristotle, vices due to lack are deficient behaviors that move away from virtues, such as cowardice instead of courage. Vices due to excess are exaggerated behaviors that exceed virtues, such as recklessness instead of moderation. Virtues are adequate dispositions in the middle ground between extremes, which lead to morally correct conduct.
What are fault vices?
For Aristotle, vices due to lack are deficient behaviors that move away from virtues, such as cowardice instead of courage.
What are excess addictions?
Vices due to excess are exaggerated behaviors that exceed virtues, such as recklessness instead of moderation.
What are virtues according to Aristotle?
Virtues are adequate dispositions in the middle ground between extremes, which lead to morally correct conduct.
How important is habit for the practice of ethics?
For Aristotle, the practice of ethics involves the development of virtuous habits. He believed that virtue is acquired through repeated actions, forming habits.
How important is habit for the practice of ethics?
For Aristotle, the practice of ethics involves the development of virtuous habits. He believed that virtue is acquired through repeated actions, forming habits that shape our character.
Why was Aristotle condemned?
There are no historical records that indicate that Aristotle was condemned. He was a respected and influential philosopher in his time, and his teachings continued to be studied and valued after his death.
What are friendship and justice for Aristotle?
For Aristotle, friendship (or philia) is a form of relationship based on affection, trust and mutual benefit. As for justice, Aristotle saw it as the virtue that seeks equality and equity in relationships between people.
Why according to Aristotle is virtue in the middle?
Aristotle believed that virtue is in the middle because it consists of finding balance between two extremes. He saw virtues as being the middle ground between vices due to lack and vices due to excess.
What does Aristotle in his work Nicomachean Ethics seek to represent?
In “Nicomachean Ethics”, Aristotle represents a systematic approach to ethics. It explores topics such as the nature of happiness, the importance of moral virtues, the relationship between actions and character, and the role of friendship and justice in human life.
What are Aristotle’s sentences?
Some well-known phrases from Aristotle include:
“Friendship is a soul that inhabits two bodies; a heart that inhabits two souls.”
“Happiness depends on ourselves.”
“We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit.”
“Education is the best provision for the journey to old age.”
“Courage is the first of human qualities, because it is the quality that guarantees all others.”